10-COOKERY- LESSON 2- L.O 1-4 - PREPARE AND COOK SEAFOOD DISHES

LESSON 2 PREPARE AND COOK SEAFOOD DISHES 

Overview

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood includes fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms. A wide variety of fish and seafood are available in the market from many different sources. There are so many methods for cooking seafood, most of them are fast and easy, making them the perfect choice for a quick and healthy meal. This lesson provides information about fish and shellfish, ways on preparing and cooking fish, along with some of the most popular seafood recipes, and presenting and storing seafood.

Learning Outcome 1 Perform Mise’ En Place

You are about to learn the following from this lesson:

• Tools and equipment needed
•  Types of seafood-shellfish, fin fish, others
• Variety of fish-structure, body shape, market forms, fat contents, water source, processed fish, others
• Market forms of fish and fish products
• Fish cuts
• Composition and nutritive value of fish (scaling, cutting of tails and fins, Eviscerating, cleansing, canning)

Classifications of Seafood

Fish products are divided into two categories

1. Fin fish – fish with fins and internal skeletons

    A. Saltwater fish –

•  Flatfish

1. Flounder
2. Sole

• Round fish

1. Black sea bars
2. Bluefish
3. Cod
4. Grouper

B. Freshwater fish

• Cat fish
• Eel
• Tilapia

2. Shell fish – fish with external shells but no internal bone structure. They have hard outer shells.

Two classifications of Shellfish

A. Mollusks – are soft sea animals

• Bivalves – they have a pair of hinged shells (clams, oysters)
• Univalves – they have a single shell (abalone)
• Cephalopods – (octopus, squid)

B. Crustaceans – are animals with segmented shells and jointed legs (shrimps, crabs)

Parts of a Fish

Composition and Structure:

Fish consists of water, protein, fats and small amount of minerals and vitamins.

Fish has very little connective tissue. It means:

1. Fish cooks very quickly, even at low heat.

2. Fish is naturally tender. High heat will result to toughening of protein.

3. Moist-heat methods are used not to create tenderness but to preserve moistness and provide variety.

4. Cooked fish must be handled very carefully.

A. Fat Fish - are those that are high in fat. (salmon, tuna, trout, mackerel)

B. Lean Fish – are those that are low in fat. (sole, cod, red snapper, bass)

QUIZ # 1- Label the parts of the fish

Market Forms

1. Whole or round – completely intact, as caught

2. Drawn – viscera removed

3. Dressed -- viscera, scales, head, tail and fins removed

4. Steaks – cross-section slices, each containing a section of backbone

5. Fillets – boneless side of fish, with or without skin

6. Butterflied fillets – both sides of a fish still joined, but with bones removed

7. Sticks or tranches – cross-section slices of fillets

Characteristics and Market forms of Shellfish

Mollusks

• Oysters have rough, irregular shells.
• Flesh of oyster is extremely soft and delicate and contains high percentage of water.
• Hard-shell clams – can be eaten raw
• Soft-shell clams are called steamers. The usual way to cook is to steam.
• The shells of mussels are not as heavy as clam shells, yellow to orange in color and firm but tender when cooked.
• Scallops are creamy white in color and have a sweet flavor.
• Squid is somewhat chewy and are cut up or either fried quickly.

Crustaceans

• The lobster shell is dark green or bluish green but turns red when cooked.
• Live lobster must be alive when cooked.

Market Forms

Mollusks

1. live in the shell
2. shucked – fresh or frozen
3. canned

Crustaceans

1. live
2. cooked meat, fresh or frozen

QUIZ # 2- 

A- Identification- Directions: Identify the market forms of fish.

B. Enumeration- Direction: Give at least 3 characteristics of a fresh Mollusk

1. _______________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________

3._______________________________________________________

Learning Outcome 2 Handle Seafood Dishes

Checking freshness of fish

Fin Fish

1. Fresh and mild odor

2. Eyes are clear, shiny and bulging

3. Red or pink gills

4. Texture of flesh is firm or elastic

5. Shiny scales, and tightly cling, on skin

Shellfish

1. Oysters, clams, mussels in the shell must be alive. Tightly closed shells when jostled.

2. Live or shucked oysters must have a very mild, sweet smell.

3. Discard any mussels that are very light in weight or seem to be hollow.

4. Strong fishy odor or a brownish color is a sign of age or spoilage.

5. Live lobster must be alive when cooked. The meat will be firm and the tail springs back when straightened.

6. Frozen shrimp should be solidly frozen when received.

7. Glazed shrimp should be shiny with no freezer burn.

8. All shrimps should smell fresh and sweet. A strong fishy or iodine smell indicates age or spoilage.

9. Live crabs should be kept alive until cooked.

10.Frozen crab meat should be treated like any other frozen fish.

Handling and Storage of Fish

Fresh Fish

1. Store on crushed ice. Use drip pans to allow for drainage of melted ice. Change ice daily. Cover

container or store in separate box away from other foods. Whole fish should be drawn because entrails deteriorate rapidly. Cut fish should be wrapped or left in original moisture- proof wrap.

2. In refrigerated box at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C.

3. Fresh fish may be stored for 1 to 2 days. If kept longer, wrap and freeze immediately.

4. Check store fish for freshness just before using.

Frozen Fish

1. Frozen products should be frozen, not thawed when received.

2. Items should be well wrapped, with no freezer burn.

3. Store at 0°F (-18°C. or colder.

4. Maximum storage time

• Fat fish -- 2 months
• Lean fish -- 6 months

5. Rotate stock – first in, first out

Thawing and Handling of frozen fish

1. Thaw in refrigerator, never at room temperature. If pressed for time, keep in original moisture-proof

wrapper and thaw under cold running water.

2. Small pieces like fillets and steaks can be cooked from frozen state to prevent excessive drip

loss. Large fish should be thawed for even cooking.

3. Fillets that are to be breaded can be partially thawed.

4. Handle thawed fish as fresh fish. Do not refreeze.

5. Breaded, battered and other frozen prepared fish items are mostly cooked from frozen state.

Shellfish

1. MUSSELS - Keep refrigerated (32°F to 35°F/0° to 2°C). and protect from light. Store in original sack and keep sack damp.

2. SCALLOPS

• Shucked scallops can be cooked without further preparation.
• Keep scallops covered and refrigerated (30°F to 34°F). Do not let them rest directly on ice or they will lose flavor and become watery.

3. LOBSTERS

• Live lobsters are either live or cup up before cooking. Live lobsters are plunged head first into boiling water, then simmered for 5 – 6 minutes. If served hot, they are drained well and split in half, and claws are cracked.
• Live lobsters can be kept in two ways

1. packed in moist seaweed, kept in a cool place
2.  in saltwater

• Cooked lobster meat must be covered and refrigerated at 30° to 34°F. It is very perishable and should be used in 1 – 2 days.

4. SHRIMPS

• Kept frozen at 0°F (-18°C). or lower
• Thaw in refrigerator
• Peeled shrimp should be wrapped before placing on ice
• Shrimp served hot must be peeled and deveined before cooking
• Shrimp to be served cold, must be peeled after cooking to preserve flavor.

5. CRABS

• Live crabs should be kept alive until cooked.
• Frozen crab meat is very perishable when thawed. It must be treated like any other frozen fish.

QUIZ # 3- True or False

Direction: Read the statement carefully. Write the word true if the statement if correct and false if it tells the otherwise.

1. Oysters, clams, and mussels in the shell must be alive, and their tightly closed shells when jostled indicate they are not fresh.

2. Both live and shucked oysters should exhibit a very mild, sweet smell.

3. Mussels that feel very light in weight or appear hollow should be discarded.

4. A strong fishy odor or a brownish color in seafood is an indication that it is fresh and not spoiled.

5. Live lobster must be alive when cooked, and its meat will be firm with the tail springing back when straightened.

6. Frozen shrimp should always be solidly frozen upon receipt.

7. Glazed shrimp should have a dull appearance with noticeable freezer burn.

8. All shrimps should smell fresh and sweet, with a strong fishy or iodine smell indicating age or spoilage.

9. Live crabs can be cooked even if they are not alive.

10. Frozen crab meat should be treated similarly to other types of frozen fish.

Learning Outcome 3 Cook Seafood

Cooking Techniques for Fish and Shellfish

Fish is very delicate and easily overcooked. During cooking, test for doneness must be observed.

1. The fish just separates into flakes

2. If bone is present, the flesh separates from the bone, and the bone is no longer pink

3. The flesh becomes opaque (usually white)

Lean fish

• Lean fish has almost no fat, so it easily becomes dry. It is best served with sauces to enhance moistness and gives richness.
• Poaching is the moist heat method suited
• Fish should be basted with butter or oil if broiled or baked.\
• Lean fish maybe fried or sautéed to gain palatability from added fat.

Fat fish

• The fat in fish, enables them to tolerate more heat without becoming dry.
• Fat fish can be cooked by poaching.
• Fat fish are well suited to broiling and baking. The dry heat methods eliminate excessive oiliness.
• Large fat fish like salmon, and mackerel may be cooked in fat, but care should be taken to avoid excessive greasiness.

Shellfish

•  Cook oyster just enough to heat thoroughly to keep it juicy and plump.
• Clams become tough and rubbery if overcooked
• Shrimps like other shellfish, become tough and rubbery when cooked at high temperature.

Scaling Whole Fish

Once your work area and fish are ready, you can begin the actual scaling process.

1. Lay your fish flat on the board or hold it steady in the water.

2. Hold the fish down firmly with your hand near its head.

3. Begin to rake the scales from the tail towards the head. They should

start coming off in clumps.

4. Be sure to remove the scales on both sides of the fish, as well as scales near the fins, the collar and

the tail.

5. When you think you have gotten most of the scales, rinse the fish off again with water. This will wash away any loose scales and help you to identify any remaining scales that need to be removed.

Filleting Fish

1. First, cut behind the head while angling the knife toward the front of the fish. There is a lot of good flesh on the top side where the fillet extends under the bony plate of the skull and angling the knife will ensure you don't waste it. Cut down to the bone and follow the line through to just behind the fins.

2. Turn the fish and run the knife just clear of the fins with a slight downward angle. When you feel

the knife is down to the bone reduce the angle and follow the bone until you come up against the backbone.

3. Peel the fillet back and run the knife over the backbone severing the small lateral fish bones in the

process. Stop at this point.

4. Turn the fish over and repeat the procedure.

5. Repeat the second cut near the dorsal fin with the knife angled slightly down.

6. Continue this along the length of the fish.

7. Reverse the direction of the filleting knife and follow the bones by "feeling them" with the fillet knife

until the fish backbone is reached.

8.Peel the fillet back and cut around the backbone and through the small lateral bones. Run the fillet knife right through to the skin on the underside of the fish.

9. Cut over the belly flap either through or over the belly bones. It can be easily cut through here with

the razor sharp filleting knife.

10. Cut any remaining attached sinew or skin. Remove the first fillet.

11. Flip the fish back to the original side and cut the bones around the gut cavity.

12. Release the rest of the fillet from the backbone.

Skinning Fish

When filleting or skinning fish keep the skinning knife clean and wet, this lubricates the blade and gives a much cleaner cut, more control of the knife and far less drag on the sides of the blade.

A. Opening Oyster

Hold oyster cup side down and hinge pointed towards you.

1. Insert oyster knife at hinge slowly but firmly and push the knife between the shells. Use a slight side to side rocking movement with your knife as you push in.

2. Work tip of knife into the oyster (about 1/2 inch).

3. Twist knife handle to pop oyster open.

4. Push knife into oyster and slice muscle from top shell.

5. Open top shell.

6. Cut muscle from bottom cup. Turn the meat over for most professional appearance.

B. Opening Clams

1. Scrub clams under cool running water using a stiff kitchen brush.

2. Over a bowl, hold the clam firmly in your hand and insert the clam knife between the top shell and bottom shell. A towel can be used to protect your hand. Work the knife around to cut through the hinge muscle. The bowl will catch the liquor from the clam.

3. Open the shell. Slide the knife between the clam and the shell. Detach the clam.

4. The clam is now ready to be cooked or eaten raw.

Cleaning a Squid

1. Pull off the head 

2. Remove the ink sac.

3. Cut Tentacles.

4. Remove beak from tentacles

5. Pull out the tail tube and cartilage

6. Pull off the skin

7. Cut into rings

Splitting a Lobster

How to Cut Lobster in Lengthwise

1. Place the lobster on its back on a tea towel to prevent slipping.

2.Using a heavy sharp knife, cut right through the underside of the body and tail, down the center.

3. Turn the lobster around and continue the cut through the center of the head. Place the lobster on its back on a tea towel to prevent slipping.

4. Using a heavy sharp knife, cut right through the underside of the body and tail, down the center.

A lobster split is not only an attractive style for presentation, but also enables easy access to the delicious meat inside. Turn the lobster around and continue the cut through the center of the head.

Guidelines for Baking Fish

1. Fat fish are best for baking because they are less likely to dry out.

2. Lean fish may be baked but care should be taken not to overcook it. Basting with butter or oil helps prevent drying.

3. Baking temperature is 350°F to 400°F.

4. Served baked fish with a sauce or seasoned butter to enhance moistness and improve palatability.

Guidelines for Broiling or Grilling Fish

1. Overcooking should be avoided in cooking fish.

2. Select appropriate fish for broiling or grilling.

3. Fat fish and lean fish should be coated with fat before broiling to reduce drying.

4. Lean fish may be dredged in flour before dipping in oil or melted butter. The flour helps form a flavorful browned crust.

5. To prevent splitting during cooking, score the skin with a sharp knife. For small fillets, scoring may not be necessary.

6. Broil fish to order and serve immediately.

7. Broiled fish may be garnished lightly with paprika if more color is desired.

8. Thick cuts should be turned once during broiling in order to cook evenly. Thin pieces may be arranged on an oiled pan and broiled on one side only. Lobster is also broiled without turning.

Guidelines for Sautéing and Pan Frying Fish and Shellfish

1. Lean fish are suited to sautéing because of the added fat.

2. Fat fish can be sautéed with care so as not to become greasy.

3. Breading the fish with flour or starchy products forms a crust that browns attractively, enhances flavor, helps hold the fish and prevent sticking.

4. Use fat, enough to cover the bottom of the pan.

5. Be sure the pan is hot before adding fish. Small items are sautéed over high heat, larger items require lower heat to cook evenly.

6. Very large fish may be browned in fat, and finished in an oven, uncovered.

7. Brown the most attractive side – the presentation side.

8. Handle fish carefully during and after cooking to avoid breaking the fish.

9. Sauté or fry to order and serve immediately.

Guidelines in Deep-Frying

1. Lean fish, both whole or small portions, and shellfish like shrimps, clams and oysters are best for deep-frying.

2. Fish to be fried is breaded or buttered to prevent sticking from frying pan. The batter also provides a crisp, flavorful, and attractive coating.

3. Frozen breaded fish can be fried without thawing.

 4. Fried fish is usually served with lemon or cold sauce such as tartar, remoulade or cocktail sauce on the side.

5. The oil used should be enough to submerge the food item during frying.

Learning Outcome 4 Plate/Present Seafood Dishes

Part of serving any kind of food is presentation. You don‘t have to be a trained chef to learn the basics of plating, which is the art of presenting food in an attractive way. The following topics and activities will help you learn the fundamentals of plating and perform it for better understanding.

Fundamental of Plating

1. Balance – select foods and garnishes that offer variety and contrast

• color – two or three colors on a plate
• shapes – variety of shapes
• textures – variety of textures
• flavors –

2. Portion size

• match portion sizes and plates – select plates large enough to hold all the items without crowding
• balance the portion sizes of the items on the plate – don‘t let the main item get lost with excessive garnish
• arrangement on the plate –

Guidelines to help plating attractive

1. Keep food off the rim of the plate.
2.  Arrange the items for the convenience of the customer.
3. Keep space between items. Each item should have its own identity.
4. Maintain unity. Create a center of attention and relate everything to it
5. Make every component count.
6. Add gravy or sauce attractively.
7. Keep it simple.

3. Serve hot foods hot, on hot plates. Serve cold foods cold, on cold plates

Serving Baked Fish

• Serve baked fish with a sauce or seasoned butter to enhance moistness and improves palatability. Serving with lemon also enhances the fish.
• For service, the fish is removed from the dish, the liquid is strained, degreased, reduced and finished by adding butter, cream or veloute sauce.

Serving Broiled Lobster

• Serve immediately with melted butter or appropriate sauce and garnish.

Serving Sautéed and Pan Fried

• Remove the fish with spatula and place on serving plate with presentation side up.
• Sprinkle fish with lemon juice and chopped parsley.
• Heat raw butter in the sauté pan until it turns light brown. Pour over fish immediately and serve at once.

Serving Poached or Simmered Fish in Court bouillon

• Served poached fish with appropriate sauce, such as hollandaise for hot fish and a mayonnaise – based sauce for cold fish. Mild vinaigrette go well with both hot and cold poached fish.

Serving Poached Fish in Fumet and Wine

• Reduce the cuision over high heat to about 1⁄4 of its volume.
• Add fish veloute and heavy cream and bring to boil.
• Adjust seasoning with salt, white pepper and lemon juice.
• Strain the sauce.
• Arrange the fish on plates for service, coat with sauce and serve immediately.

Glazing

Poached fish is sometimes glazed before serving

1.  Combine the finished sauce with eggyolk, hollandaise sauce or lightly whipped cream.
2. Coat the fish with the sauce and run the plate under a broiler until the sauce is golden brown.

A. Directions: Briefly explain the relationships of the following in food preparation. 

1. Balance

2. Portion size

3. Serving hot food on hot plates

4. Serving cold foods on cold plates

5. Garnishes

Learning Outcome 5 Store Seafood

Storing of Fish and Shellfish

Fresh Fish

1. On crushed ice – use drip pans to allow for drainage of melted ice. Change ice daily. Cover container or store in separate box away from other foods.

• Whole fish should be drawn (that is viscera removed) as soon as possible because the entrails deteriorate quickly.\
• Cut fish (fillets, steaks, portions) should be wrapped or left in original moisture proof wrap.

2. Refrigerate at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C...

3. Fish may be stored for 1 to 2 days. If it must be kept longer, you must wrap and freeze it immediately.

4. Check stored fish for freshness just before you use it. Even if it was fresh when received, it may not be fresh after few days in storage.

Frozen Fish

1. Store at 0°F (-18°C. or colder.

2. Keep well wrapped to prevent freezer burn

3. Maximum storage time: Fat fish – 2 months; Lean fish – 6 months.

4. Rotate stock – first in, first out.

Shellfish

A. Oyster 

1. Keep live oyster in a cold, wet place in the cartons or sacks.

2. Store fresh shucked oysters in original container in refrigerator at 30° to 34°F (-1° to 1°C). They will keep up to 1 week.

3. Keep frozen oysters in freezer at 0°F (- 18°C. or colder, until ready for use.

B. Lobster and Shrimp 

1. Store at 0°F (-18°C. or colder).

2. Fresh or thawed shrimp in shell are stored on crushed ice, like whole fish.

3. Peeled shrimp lose soluble nutrients and flavor when stored unwrapped on ice. They should be wrapped before placing on ice or covered and simply refrigerated.

4. Packed in moist seaweed or in moist, heavy paper, kept in a cool place.